The Minutemen and Their World

Robert A. Gross in his book, â€Å"The Minutemen and Their World†, takes a nearer look at the American Revolution by investigating the lives of the people that exist in Concord, Massachusetts. By exploring and understanding court records, diaries, colony records, families’ trees, and private papers the writer begins to illustrate a civilization prior, during, and subsequent to the American Revolution.He in addition succeeds in producing an excellent written chronological text that is simple to read, understand, and enjoy. It can be thought that Gross achieves this by providing the reader an enhanced sense of the living of a person in the period of the American Revolution. As well, the writer provides the true information that not only were the people of Concord experiencing a Revolution to battle for their autonomy, but they were furthermore undergoing economic, social, agricultural, and religious revolutions.Prior to the Revolution, Concordians were living in their own world, symbolically and accurately speaking. The social order of Concord was well developed and controlled issues domestically. These problems hampered with the daily social and economic environment. For instance, relationships between parents and their children were deteriorating. Also, the soil was being used up for the reason of excessive farming which led to the problem of too man sons and not enough land to be divided up between them.The generation gap between social classes was also broadening and political offices were held by a privileged few which were passed down almost as an inheritance through families. These domestic problems were temporarily put on hold with the appearance of the characteristic of a Revolution. The harmony necessary to conquer the reliance by the British Crown was much more significant to the people of Concord than their somewhat small problems and bickering. The most important feature behind the people's determination to stay free was that they desir ed to preserve and defend their traditional life, on the other hand by combating to protect that life, Gross would point out that the Concordians in consequence opened themselves to change.The mainly convincing argument Gross makes reveals the loss of patriarchal control in Concord, and apparently across the colonies. He portrays the manners sons rely on fathers for land, and daughters depend on fathers for dowries. As the financial environment changes, dowries are condensed, local fruitful land turn out to be limited and mature children have enticements to leave the relatives to trail the frontier. This outlays the father his basis of labor and outlays the children the resource of heritage and constancy.The changes the Revolution had on the people of Concord were the building blocks of the democratic society as one recognizes it today. By joining together to depose the crown the people of Concord defeat the â€Å"barriers of residence and wealth†(61). Men in all positions of the society desired to defend their freedom, consequently after the Revolution the severe rules relating to the elitist model of government in Concord seldom existed.Gross points out that after the Revolution the â€Å"newly elected delegate† was sent a â€Å"strict set of rigid rules† for him to follow â€Å"in court†(163). With new prominence placed on the people and their rights, politics was hardly ever about religious status any longer but more about equal representation. Also, after the revolution, Gross indicate that by 1790 there are no slaves in Massachusetts. With the Concordians fighting for their autonomy in the Revolution, it would be archetypal for the Concordians to see enslavement of any persons as hypocritical; when that is the very thing they were fighting against.Agriculture also was alleviating by restructuring and intensive farming. This resulted in a better-off social life and landscape. In general, the competition between generations was declined and sons continued with their families instead of moving away. All things considered, a better-off economic and social approach developed the people of Concord after the Revolution, though not right away.Robert Gross carried out a marvelous quantity of research to uncover information about persons whose names and achievements have long since been elapsed by the world, but he enlightens their tale so systematically that he permits the reader to overlook what a demanding assignment he took upon himself. With the closer look at Concord, Gross means to symbolize Concord as a representation of an ordinary colonial settlement during the Revolution. The characters in the book provide the reader logic of why the people in this town opted to rebellion. By representing the people of Concord and their causes to battle, Gross efficiently signifies all of the colonies that battled in the Revolution; as Gross describes the Concord fight as a happening in a wider war.The Minutemen and The ir World was ground-breaking in personalizing a Revolution. The author prolonged past proceedings and statistics into a persuasive account of people both normal and great. The points of view are concrete due to the heavy quantitative research. Works CitedGross A. Robert, (April 30, 2001), The Minutemen and Their World, Hill and Wang; 25th Ann edition, IS

Enforceable Contracts

Six Essential Elements of an Enforceable Contract In normal everyday life contracts are utilized for various situations and reasons. Some contracts are more binding as compared to others based on the six elements of offer, acceptance, consideration, the parties’ capacity to contract, the parties’ intent to contract and the object of the contract. This paper examines the above mentioned elements using a contract existing between a customer and a phone dealer.The phone dealer dealt with used but clean phones and because the customer could not afford a new phone, he approached the phone dealer who promised to deliver a functional and clean used smart phone at the price of $74 after two days. The payment was to be made after the delivery of the phone but on the condition that the phone would be fully functional and the customer could return the phone within the following week if it developed any problem.On the appointed day, the phone dealer delivered the phone as promised and the customer made the payment as he had promised too. After two days of using the phone the customer started to experience so many complications with the phone and it finally went off completely. When he returned the phone to the phone dealer, the dealer told him that once the phone was sold the customer could not return it. When the customer threatened to sue him for breach of contract, the dealer affirmed that there were no grounds because there was no written contract.The customer however went on with the suit because though the verbal contract between them was initially fulfilled through the delivery of the phone within the appointed time, it was breached when the dealer refused to accept back the phone within the agreed grace period. A breach of contract is defined as any form of violation that occurs on conditions contained in an enforceable contract. To ascertain the breach of contract the first step is affirming that a contract existed between the customer and the phone dealer. This can be done using the six elements of a contract.The phone can be identified as the object of the contract because it is legal ascertaining the enforceable nature of the contract. As per the first element the verbal offer of providing the phone within two days at $74 can be recognized as part of the binding contract between the two regardless of the fact that it was written. Under acceptance or genuine assent, the customer engaged in expressed acceptance of the offer within the stipulated conditions set by the dealer. The mutual promise between the customer and the phone dealer to eet their sides of the contract can be equated to consideration. Both the customer and the dealer had the capacity to contract because none was coerced into the agreement. The fact that both agreed to enter into the contract considering all the stipulated conditions, shows their intent to enter into the contract. The above clearly indicates that though no written contract existed between the d ealer and the customer, a verbal contract existed between the two of them and the dealer breached the contract by refusing to honor one of the stipulated conditions in the contract.The major two remedies that could be utilized to counter the breach of contract could be the dealer accepting back the phone and issuing the customer with another phone or refunding back his money as an out of court settlement because a court settlement can prove to be very expensive both on the dealer and the customer or the customer can go ahead and sue with the aim of acquiring a court settlement of the issue now that the dealer was unwilling to accept the first remedy.Though this would be costly on both of them, though the customer has better chances of winning the case because he can easily prove that though a verbal contract existed between them, it could be identified as an enforceable contract using the six essential elements of an enforceable contract. Based on this evidence the court will defini tely find the phone dealer guilty of breach of contract because he did not meet one of the major conditions of the contract between him and the customer.This will culminate into a stiffer punishment for the dealer which would have been avoided if he met all the conditions of the contract initially. In conclusion, though a verbal contract existed between the dealer and the customer, it can still be identified as an enforceable contract using the six essential elements of an enforceable contract and hence the phone dealer is liable for the breach of contract. References: Adamson, J. E. (2012). Law for business and personal use. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Pulse Rate Essay

1. What is blood pressure? Blood pressure is the strength/pressure exerted by circulating blood on the walls of our blood vessels. It is recorded as two numbers – the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. 2. Why is high blood pressure a problem? When blood pressure is high the heart is working to hard to get blood through your body and can cause heart attacks, strokes and even death, heart and kidney failure. (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/bp/bp.htm) 3. Why does increased physical activity raise heart rate? Increased physical activity increases oxygen demand as well as the need to remove excess carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration. In order to meet oxygen needs our heart rate increases along with other respirations to supply our body with the necessary oxygen. (Muscles require more oxygen for cellular respiration and increased cellular respiration increases carbon dioxide in our body that triggers the increase of breathing and circulation rates.) 4. Why is heart rate lower in an individual who does aerobic exercise regularly? A lot of exercise will cause our heart muscle to pump more blood with each beat/contraction. If the volume of the blood being pumped with each contraction is greater than the rate of our heartbeat will be lower. 5. Why do some people feel faint when they go quickly from lying down to standing? Gravity causes blood pressure in the arteries/vessels going to our brain to drop when standing up quickly after laying down. This motion causes a sudden feeling of faintness until mechanisms in our body elevate our blood pressure in the vessels to normal again. 6. How and why does heart rate change with body position? Heart rate increases from lying down to standing up because more energy is required for our body to maintain in a standing/sitting position in comparison to lying down. Therefore the increased need for ATP increases cellular respiration that causes an increase need for oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in our body that triggers increased breathing so our heart rate increases as well. 7. From your study of the circulator system how would you describe a â€Å"fit† individual? A fit individual has an ability to contain a lot of oxygen by having an efficient respiration and circulatory system. When having these efficient systems their heart is allowed to pump more blood with each beat and the person can quickly recover from the stress of exercise(By returning their exercise pulse rate to their standing pulse rate) more quickly compared to a person who is not fit.

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 13

Final paper - Essay Example This drastically reduced her total score and Elauf was not hired. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) filed a case against the Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc. claiming that the firm Abercrombie had violated Title VII of the Civil Rights of 1964 by rejecting to hire Samanatha Elauf due to her hijab (headscarf). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission enforces the federal regulations that prohibit employment discrimination. According to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 an employer may be liable when he or she rejects either to select and hire or discharge a worker based on a religious practise or observance only if the employer has tangible knowledge that there was need for religious accommodation and the definite knowledge of the employer emanated from a direct notification from the employee or applicant. Walsh (741) shares the view that the firm argued that Samantha did not notify the interviewer that she needed an accommodation. However, Elauf who was the plaintiff was wearing the headscarf for religious reasons. More to the point, during the interview at Tusla, Oklahoma in 2008 the store manager never mentioned to Elauf issues relating to the hijab. It was only later on that the district supervisor argued that the headgear disqualified Elauf from the job. It can therefore be assumed that the recruitment team was aware that she was wearing the hijab for religious reasons. Initially the district court ruled in favour of Elauf. The established that the EEOC had determined all elements of a prima facie case of discrimination, such as the firm’s awareness of Samantha’s need for a religious accommodation, and also ruled that Abercrombie had failed to rebut the EEOC’s showing on those elements. However, the Tenth Circuit reversed the summary grant. Law cannot get rel igion right (Sullivan 138). The appellate court overturned the decision and sided with Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc. However, an article

Peter Josephs Where are we going. Culture lag Essay

Peter Josephs Where are we going. Culture lag - Essay Example The main quest of this movement is to find a new way that leads to transition by promoting a social design, namely, â€Å"Resource Based Economy† (What is The Zeitgeist Movement?). Zeitgeist movement proposes certain observations and identifies that the present world is kept away from the physical world, with techniques and new innovations separated from the environment. Peter Joseph, in his speech makes a right judgment about this movement, their observations about society, government, monetary system, free-market capitalization, and so on. In the first part of his speech Joseph is specifically focusing on â€Å"Culture lag† and â€Å"Pluralistic ignorance,† the two grave issues affecting the modern society. Joseph begins his tremendous speech by describing the transitions occurred to social life during the past centuries. The speaker has identified that history has marked the evolution of human life all through these years. Thus, he identifies the ten thousand years old Neolithic Age, Agricultural Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age which paved the way for gradual development in society. The speaker has presented various study reports in order to prove the immense growth of technological inventions and the amazing growth of the evolution of technology. However, the speaker observes technological development as the primary factor promoting the development of human civilization, belief system, philosophy, friends, references and the like. Anyhow, for the speaker, the society is diffident in fully accepting these technological developments. This reticence is what the speaker calls as â€Å"culture lag.† â€Å"Culture lag† is the phenomenon where culture takes time to catch up with technological inventions, and that social problems and conflicts are caused by this lag (Joseph). To make it clear, one can see that it is the difficulty of any traditional establishment in adjusting with the technological invention. The speaker provides var ious examples in order to prove the culture lag. One of the best examples Joseph presents is the severe punishment and threat the Italian physicist and astronomer Galileo faced when he revealed that the earth is revolving round the sun. It is only after 76 years the world acknowledged his discovery. This can aptly be called as culture lag. Culture lag probably leads to â€Å"pluralistic ignorance† the other issue to which the speaker brings one’s attention. ‘Pluralistic ignorance occurs where the majority of individuals in a group assume that most of their others are different in some way, whilst the truth is that they are more similar than they realize’ (Pluralistic Ignorance). Joseph identifies that the present monetary system is defective as it is aiming only the profit and disregarding human labor or emotions. One should note the fact that money is not a natural resource, it is a convention. The Zeitgeists moves away from the general way of thinking an d proposes their own perspectives. This is quite evident when Joseph describing his discovery that problems and scarcity are promoting profit other than the economic principles, demand and supply. The speaker also recognizes the real intension of wars as hoarding money and there is no war for homelessness. Abundance, sustainability and efficiency are the enemies of profit. Free-market capitalism is the economic religion of today, Joseph adds. The pluralistic ignorance can also be explained in terms of ethics and competition, criminal behavior, government and democracy, activism and ethics, and so on. Thus, one can see that Peter Joseph’s speech, â€Å"Where are we going?† clearly exposes certain issues with regard to culture lag and pluralistic ignora

Holocaust Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Holocaust - Literature review Example Adolf Hitler’s role in the Holocaust thus was of absolute measure and his doings led to a changing in the entire world and affected many parts like the Middle East as well. ("Adolf Hitler.") Adolf Hitler, also known as the Fuhrer, was the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party and soon went on to become the German Chancellor in the year 1933. He played a very vital role in establishing and taking further the rule of fascism in Europe and has played a very significant role in the Second World War. The Beer Hall Putsch came to be known as the failed coup d’etat that Hitler had attempted which led to him being imprisoned for a short term during which he wrote his biography titled Mein Kampf which has come to be known as one of the most widely read books of today. It contains some of the most monstrous and heinous ideas with respect to cruelty subjected towards mankind. There have been certain accounts of Hitler in his previous days where he has been kind tow ards Jews, thus this animosity towards the Jewish people probably began much later in his life. He used to interact with the common people, mostly Jews and try and make a living before he had become a part of the army and the political party of Germany. He became an anti-Semitic during his time in Vienna and this group of anti-Semitics had a vast number of Jews as well. Many even say that he was influenced deeply by Martin Luther’s book, ‘On The Jews and Their Lies.’ This did indeed make a great impact on the religious and political associations of Germany at the time. (Toland, John) In the First World War, Hitler fought in a number of major battles and had come to be known as a very brave and undefeated soldier. He was a creative man and devoted a lot of his time to his art and cartoon making. Soon after entering into politics, he tried to push his stance in the country with respect to fascism as he tried to take over what is known as the Beer Hall Pustch. Hitle r’s modus operandi, titled Mein Kampf was earlier titled ‘Four and a half years of Struggle Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice.’ He did not have much regard for people that were below him as more and more power came to attach itself to him. As soon as he became the Chancellor of Germany, he tried to foil all the plans of his opponents that wanted to come to power because he wanted to maintain a dictatorship in all of the land. In 1934, he said to a correspondent, â€Å"At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the Nazi movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power!†( "Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler."  ) The Holocaust was one of the most evil implemented ideas of Hitler; it was commonly known as the killing of the Jews. During the Second World War, Hitler ordered th e construction of concentration camps by the Nazis, commonly known as Auschwitz, in which approximately six million Jews were tortured and killed. Other people like homosexuals, Soviet prisoners, Polish people, disabled people, and other political and religious opponents were killed mercilessly which led to the total count being almost seventeen million people. (Adolf Hitler Biography.) The prisoners in these camps were also sent to extermination camps and

'it's not enough to condemn crime, we need to understand its causes' Essay

'it's not enough to condemn crime, we need to understand its causes'. Critically analyse this statement from the perspective of right wing criminologists and on - Essay Example This has worked to turn the legal system quite mechanical and the concept of crime that is seen with fear and disdain and not a social disease that has to be attacked from the roots. This paper examines the view that criminology should adopt a studious stance on the fact that the events of crime should not be considered as those that need just a structured meting out of justice to the perpetrator but that each crime event should be proactively viewed as an event that is caused by underlying social forces and equations that have given rise to root factors for its perpetration. Only when such a view is taken will the present criminal justice system emerge towards effective elimination or reduction of the crime from our society. There has been tremendous interest of late into the political, social and commercial realities of the victims of crime. This is encompassed within a broad ranging view concerning the changing role of victims within the criminal justice process, their needs and rights, as well as victimological theories which help to explain and understand the process of victimization. In tandem to this there has been a parallel interest in the political, social and commercial realities of the perpetrators of the crime which lead to a set of factors that spurred the happening of the crime events. These augmenting factors if tackled and resolved effectively would help reduce crime. This, in fact is the preventive approach to crime. Different criminal justice systems the world over have different core orientations. For instance, the US criminal justice system views itself as following a â€Å"systems" approach to criminal justice, with improved coordination among law enforcement, courts, and correctio nal agencies.(Walker,1992) The 1967 Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice termed the criminal justice system as the means for society to "enforce

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 8

Case study - Essay Example MDCM is in urgent need to take suitable steps for improving its IT setup to save the company from getting into continuous loss. The company has been suffering loss in the market in spite of all its steps and strategy designed for the customers and company’s benefit. The company shares its benefits and losses with the customers in order to form close relations with the customers. With the passage of time, the company has identified the importance of its global status. This paper evaluates the IT projects suitable for the company and presents recommendations for the MDCM Corporate Board. There was a large audit to find out the IT problems with the company in the past five years. This audit was very fruitful as it informed all the seniors about the IT issues with the company. They had some knowhow beforehand but the detailed audit informed them about the situation of the company in depth. According to the audit report, â€Å"MDCM’s IT services had been badly mismanaged† (Jeffery & Norton 2). IT was not working effectively because of this mismanagement. IT was neglected by the management of the company and also wrong investment decisions were taken related to IT due to which, IT suffered a lot and became a reason for giving loss to the company (Jeffery & Norton 2). A global setup for IT was required by the administration of the company. The audit also resulted in some positive outputs such as the customer relationship management (CRM) system and computer assisted design (CAD) system in branches of MDCM working successfully. IT budget was less as compared to its required amount for the upgrade of the company’s IT. There were many project initiatives which were regarded essential for the company’s IT success. Unifying methodology and technological standards was regarded necessary by Atkins and his team. By improving this project initiative, the administration hoped to adjust a sharing knowledge based network and also the future

Week one Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week one Discussion - Assignment Example 7). Likewise, these people were revealed to be alert and interested to indulge in various activities such as: â€Å"using the Internet for shopping, keeping in touch with family members, and learning about all sorts of topics. Theyre attending college classes, taking art lessons, and scheduling trips to Prague, Alaska, and Scandinavia† (Misconceptions About Aging, 2013, par. 10). 2. Research the aging theories discussed. Which one makes the most sense to you-why? Research a study on one aspect of aging and tell the class about it-be brief and cite your source. Do you agree with the study conclusions? There were two major categories of aging theories: biological and social theories (Lecture Notes: Topic 3: Theoretical Perspectives on Aging, 2013, p. 3). One believes that biological theories make most sense because physical changes naturally occur out of biological process which could not be prevented. One modern biological theory was the programmed theory which reportedly implies that â€Å"aging follows a biological timetable, perhaps a continuation of the one that regulates childhood growth and development. This regulation would depend on changes in gene expression that affect the systems responsible for maintenance, repair and defense responses† (Jin, 2010, par. 3). As such, Jin(2010) expounded that there are three sub-categories of the programmed theory which included: (1) programmed longevity, where the life span depends on apparent switching on and off of genes; (2) endoctrine theory, where homones were noted to control aging; and (3) immunological theory, where the immune system contributes to alleged propensities to contract illnesses that eventually shortens the life span. With the extensiveness and comprehensiveness of the study, one thereby agrees with the study and the author’s

Protection and Indemnity Clubs Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Protection and Indemnity Clubs - Article Example Ninety percent of shipowners in modern times is a part of one of these clubs. These clubs also cover the shipowner from liability to third parties, as well as coverage against injury or death of the crew-members. (Finnern, 2007, p. 5). The shipowner becomes both the insured and the insurer, because claims are paid out of the Clubs funds, and these funds are collected from all the members of the Club. (Finnern, 2007, p. 6). A normal clause of most, if not all, of the PI Clubs, is the â€Å"pay to be paid† rule. This rule states, in a nutshell, that if a shipowner has a claim for which he wants the club to reimburse him, he must first settle the claim with the injured party on his own, with his own means. (Hawkins, p. 3). He can then seek reimbursement from the Club for the money he spent out of pocket. (Finnern, 2007, p. 7). The reason for the â€Å"pay to be paid† rule is that the PI Clubs only provide indemnification for their members, as opposed to regular insurance. The difference between regular insurance and indemnification is that, with regular insurance, all claims against the insured are paid, whereas, with indemnification insurance, only the claims for which the insured has already paid are covered. With regular insurance, the insured does not have to suffer an actual financial loss to collect, and advanced payment is not necessary; with indemnification, the insured does have to suffer an actual financial loss to collect, advanced payment is necessary, and the amount that he collects from the indemnity insurance is only as much as he has already paid out. (Finnern, 2007, pp. 8-9). Further, the third party generally has to have a judgment against the insured, otherwise, the PI does not kick in. In other words, if the insured gives money to a third party to settle the claim, but the third party did not first obtain a judgment, the PI may not pay the claim, even though the insured has fulfilled the requisite requirement of payment.

Based on a Case Study - Management in Technological Change Essay

Based on a Case Study - Management in Technological Change - Essay Example Technological developments and innovation has paved a way for the emergence of new digital marketing channels such as mobile phones. Mobile phones are powerful channels that allow personalisation and interactivity of the content and context of the messages. (Kim, Han, & Schultz, 2004) The mobile channel is seen as an automated, reliable, personal, and customised channel that allows an efficient way to reach mobile phone users directly. It provides a direct call-to-action that would be almost impossible via other channels. (Barnes & Scornacava, 2004) This paper will focus on the feasibility of the application of mobile CRM on Evergreen Investment. The company is a leading asset management firm serving institutional investors through a broad range of investment products. The company has an existing CRM system developed by Onyx. However, the sales representatives find the system taxing on their job and not value-adding on their operations. Management has considered the system ineffective and inefficient. A proposed solution of the paper is the development and implementation of a mobile CRM. The mobile software is a commercially available application developed by Pyxis. It is run in the Blackberry platform using the handheld mobile phone. This paper introduces the CRM capabilities and features of the Blackberry device with the Pyxis-Onyx database link. It enumerates the different impacts of the new system on the organisation, operation, costs, and current process of the company. It also identifies the potential benefits of a mobile CRM to both the Evergreen company and its sales representatives. Evergreen Investment is a mutual fund company with over $247 billion in assets under management. The company concentrates on providing institutional investors with asset management and client service solutions instead of focusing and marketing on individual consumers. The people behind the

IT Operations, Controls, Reporting, and Maintenance Essay Example for Free

IT Operations, Controls, Reporting, and Maintenance Essay Following Office of Inspector General Report the major number of mistakes was aloud in Information Resources Management (IRM) section and in evaluation of information technology performance. EPA has failed to produce sufficient IRM Policy Manual, with strict provided Interim Policy regarding the evaluation of performance of information technology program. One of the most crucial mistakes is the lack of necessary project documentation therefore the complete list of project risks was not documented and accounted, as well as there was any appropriate documentation to track the different phases of development cycle, that makes the process of risks and budget monitoring not transparent and project management rather troubles shooting than project management process oriented. The Agency final recommendations were focused on EPA management involvement in key decision points of the information technology projects thus obligated them to create a proper management manual with these key decisions documented before moving to another stage of the development cycle. So at this stage EPA management was required to provide a written response to the Report within 90 calendar days including an action plan for corrections with milestone dates. OEI response from 15th of June, 2005th has answered the main concerns underlined in OIG report, however, I believe that it should be more detailed with delivery dates on each issue and concrete responsible person entitled for each particular step. There is no possibility to create post reports based on this action plan. Additionally the actual stage of management documentation was not analyzed in response; therefore the concrete plan of documentation line change was not presented. However within the both reports we can get only a skipped overview of management processes and the main background of critical issues, it is absolutely clear that time and budget failure could be prevented with development process improvement by retrospectives, OEI (as a client) involvement and at least more frequent (I suggest two weeks) iterations. These measures are dictated by Scrum approach and supported by Agile methodology. The main issue of OEI management response is in being not time efficient. I believe that building an action plan based on Agile Scrum approach will take 90 calendar days at the planning stage but will save 50% of time in production. The current OEI action plan is not acceptable within the present situation of time and budget over limiting. Why use Scrum at OEI case? The answer is: â€Å"Scrum approach was invented to drive rapidly the innovative products to market, so Six month releases used to be a reasonable time from for an enterprise system. Now it is three months for a major new release, one month for upgrades, and one week for maintenance releases. The initial version of the Agile Scrum development process was designed to enhance productivity and reduce time to market for new product† (Schwaber Beedle, 2002) Due to the issues with project risks evaluating MetaScrum Planning is one of the most appropriate tools to use in the situation. Gantt Charts will become an additional (missed) chain in project documentation as well as a deliveries’ data plan in addition to OEI response. Dynamically generated Gantt chart is able to manage multiply releases. At our circumstances we receive an opportunity to track the major resource problems as well as have any significant delays rather balanced. Weekly MetaScrum meetings allow managing all problems in real time because every chart is based on concrete data, so management is able to see immediately where optimization is necessary. It really makes the project managers work more efficient because they have a short iteration period of time to sort the current problem and to stabilize the chart before the next meeting. Over or under estimation of tasks is one of the most crucial reasons for delivery delays, so it is better to track frequently the status of small assignments. OEI has the project with high degree of unpredictability, so we cannot use traditional planning techniques or Gantt/PERT charts only, at this case we have a high risk of requirements change. Scrum weekly meetings promote communication and expertise sharing, they increase the average level of urgency, encourage sharing of knowledge, team work. One of the most valuable benefits of Scrum approach is high predictability of risks and problems; they are visible long before the release. I suggest that 90 calendar days devoted for creation of new operation plan for management should be used completely for management process refactoring; special changes are to be performed in deliveries section. Within changes of requirements MetaScrum is a best approach for OEI to get self-organized around their current problems. Planning and delivery changes will be reflected immediately through decisions to be made on weekly basis in the MetaScrum. As the result of using MetaScrum approach OEI will receive more flexible, more decisive, more adaptable project management process. Project management will become totally automated. Company will save on paperwork, effective project management reporting and additional reporting before moving to next project stage will be achieved without additional human work intervention. Automated data collection and reporting system will allow tracking and implementing of update easily, which is a valuable tool for OEI executives. MetaScrum tools will allow us to reach transparency of processes, companywide visibility, metrics driven by decision makers, efficient productivity results. According to Dr. Beedle (1999): â€Å"Scrum will increase speed of development, aligns individual and corporate objectives, will create a culture driven by performance, supports shareholder value creation, achieves, stable and consistent communication of performance at all levels, and enhances individual development and quality of life. It also drives functionality out into the marketplace at a pace that can overwhelm competitors and achieve industry dominance†. Employing Scrum oriented approach on their action plan OEI managers will reach the great transparency of development/ deliveries processes, efficient monitoring of progress, they will become flexible with time and efficient with budget.

Concrete Elastic Modulus For Various Aggregate Types Construction Essay

Concrete Elastic Modulus For Various Aggregate Types Construction Essay Concrete generally, is an inevitable constructional material in civil Engineering for profitability and economy of designs in life. Therefore, much emphasis must be placed on the efficacy for sustainability of the people to avoid risk of progressive collapse due to the instability of its nature after design. It is a challenge to curb the menace of inadequacy of design for the durability of concrete all day. The heterogeneity of concrete is real to be composed of Cement, Water (uncontaminated), Fine and Coarse aggregates otherwise known as constituent materials. The fossils lie embedded in a matrix of cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates and, are so strong because of the binding ability of the properties, absorbency in nature and most importantly, skilful knowledge of the designers during construction. The volume of concrete occupied by the coarse aggregates is significantly great compared to other properties thereby, playing the biggest role in terms of given desired strength re commended by different professional associations in the world. Concrete also is made up high compressive strength and a low value of tensile strength. It is used to protect corrosion of steel reinforcing bars. The importance to investigate concrete Elastic Modulus for various aggregate types as a parameter which enhances deformation resulting to cracks during serviceability with time is a course that cannot be undermined in the study of concrete properties. This implies that Elastic Modulus is a property that depends on compressive strength and aggregates stiffness. Strength and Stiffness are termed as the most probable important of all the properties of concrete materials considered for suitable structures design. The strength of a material obviously controls the estimation of the collapse load of a structure. Stiffness is important to ensuring un-deflection too much under load as well as dominates the avoidance of buckling of compression members. The characteristic strength of concrete is said to be classified based on designated concrete called strength class that depends on the types of constructions to be executed. When the value of compressive strength is too high there is a probability that most of the structures will be constructed of concrete possessing strength below this value and, too low a value will cause inefficient use of materials. So, it is the characteristic strength value of the cube strength at 28 days below which not more than 5% of the test out comes may be expected to depreciate is the primary concern of every designer at every point in time. The British Standards BS8110 indentifies the clause: The Strength, below which, not more than 5% of specimen will fail to signify strength that is very close to the mean value of a large samples of concrete normally distributed in a Bell-shaped against the frequency. This is idealized that some samples of concrete are stronger while others are weaker in strength and these variations are measure of the standard deviation. 1.20. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION The properties of concrete in compression are attributed to Short- term and Long-term loadings when discussing the linearity and un-linearity of the stress-strain curve. Short-term loading is used for Normal weight or density concrete and represented the most linear part called the elastic region of the stress-strain curve. The curve defines the uniaxial compressive test performed at normal, average speed on concrete at 28 days. The straight elastic portion describes how stress and strain are closely related before maximum stress is effective. Modulus of Elasticity is a derivative parameter resulting from the slope of this linear portion of the curve and is always larger in value when the strength of the concrete increases. The stress-strain curve shape varies considerably for identical concrete of the same cylindrical strength under the same loading condition and this strange behaviour depicts the variability in concrete samples due to one factor or the other from testing procedures : Nilson, Darwin and Dolon (2004:40). Long-term loading is the creeping nature of concrete with time. This is the continuous loading of concrete beyond 28 days of aged. The deformations of concrete are practically observed at this point in time which are proportional to the magnitude of the stress. At this region on the stress-strain curve, the stress is not longer linear. In addition to the load level, creep depends on the average humidity which is an important parameter to be investigated when designing a concrete. 1.30. THE REVIEW OF OTHER WORKS Based on the review of others, the Magazine of concrete Research(1991), Kaplan revealed that concrete with the same compressive strength may have different dynamic modulus of elasticity of different aggregates. The British Standard Institute CP110, and European Code; model code for concrete structures whereas made no provision but grossly looked at estimating compressive strength only. ACI Code tried in its little way to include a term for concrete density the expression for elastic modulus, since this term is raised to the power of 1.5, it has considerable weighting. But the BS110 has provided bases to satisfy new expressions for estimating the elastic modulus based on the work of Teychenne, to conform to the Stress-strain relationship of concrete such that: Ec28 = Ko + 0.2fcu28 BS8110, Ec28 = 5.5cu28 /à ¡Ã‚ µ) and Et /Ec28 = 0.4 + 0.6ft /f28 where, Ec28 = concrete elastic modulus at 28 days. fcu28 = characteristic concrete strength at 28 days. Ko = stiffness factor of aggregates (usually taken as 20Gpa, and 0.2 is a coefficient) by Teychenne but Code varying from 14 to 26Gpa. t = required age in days. And these expressions have functional relationship which the elastic modulus yields to at all points in time for consistency of analysis of the properties of materials. Hence, this project is only pivoted on the overall ideas and assumptions of the BS8110 to investigation the effects of four aggregate types (Granite, Gravel, Grey Limestone and White Polar Chippings) of the same size of 10mm, on compressive strength at 28 days. OBJECTIVES: To have a thorough justification by testing the effects of these four aggregates on the Elastic modulus of concrete to conform to the generalized approach of the BS8110 expressions. To critically compare and contrast the similarities or uniqueness between the experimental values of compressive strength targeted at 40-50N/mm2 of high strength concrete. To generally examine the aggregates stiffness in relation to Elastic modulus. Comparing compressive strengths of concrete in different proportion by volume of fine coarse aggregates of the concrete samples ( and in this case, 30:70% and 40:60% ratios is used) respectively. To verify the justification that the compressive strength of a cube is feasibly higher than the compressive strength of a cylinder when tested. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.0. BACKGROUND Concrete as heterogeneous material is categorized into normal and light weight concrete based on the design performance relating the characteristic strengths and densities of materials to suit appropriate constructions. The high strength concrete is term generally used to mean concrete with a uniaxial compressive strength value greater than 41Mpa, as assumed by the ACI committee 363. This is used for the Design of columns especially of high residential structures, Bridge of longer spans, offshore oil platforms and so on: Nilson, Darwin and Dolan (2004:52). Higher Elastic modulus and coefficient of creep lower reduce long-term deflection in compression. The disadvantages include the reduction in ultimate strain capacity, brittleness in compression and increase the tendency of cracks to occur and not economical. The requirement is of low water-cement ratio below 0.25 according to Nilson, Darwin and Dolan (2004:53). low strength is otherwise known as conventional concrete having the str ength less than high strength concrete according to Bashir, Almusallam and Maslehuddin; In constructional and building Materials (2003: 97-103). High strength concrete is relative to a uniaxial compressive strength that is greater than that which is derived ordinarily in a region because maximum strength of concrete that is currently being produced varies considerably from one region to the other: Bahshir, Almusallam and Maslehuddin (2003:2). Hence, the using of high strength brings about the reduction of cross sectional area and dead loads in a structure. The functional mechanism of concrete depends on the overall constituent materials which are basically cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates in defined proportions with different properties resulting to characteristic strengths. The efficacy of a characteristic strength is attained only when the materials are properly selected, manufactured and designed, and the properties well defined and handled to yield desired result. Several investigators and researchers have revealed through their experimental works the influence of materials composite on the Elastic modulus and Compressive strength. Specifically, the Construction and Building Materials research (2002) and (2003). These respective Materials recognized that concrete should be properly examined as a three phase constituent materials of aggregates, cement and a transition between them. Also, that the transition zone is ranged 10-50 thick and generally seen as being the weakest component of concrete resulting to influence on the mechanical behaviour of concrete as could be compared to volumetric importance according to the Construction and Building Materials (2010:505-512). 2.2.0.THE DEFECTIVES OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE (HSC). The problem of the High Strength Concrete as justified by the Construction and Building Materials (2003:3) is that cracking is more generalize and tends to homogeneous material characteristic as compared to the normal concrete: Bashir, Almusallam, Maslehuddin (2003:97-103). Also, High strength Concrete behaves as a linear elastic property and being subjected to brittleness than Normal concrete strength hence, cumulated that it is paramount to propound data on the mechanical properties of hardened concrete particularly, its strength in relation to the ideas of Bashir, Almusallam, Maslehuddin (2003:97-103); further argued that there is a good correlation between the Engineering properties of concrete such as stiffness factor. Generally, it is understood that besides the constituent materials, Mix design and Stiffness also play importance roles to enhance strength accumulation in concrete design. And the below flow chart may be used simply to illustrate how concrete is form from various materials including design mix to achieve desired strength and durability. DESIGN CONCRETE MATERIALS CEMENT, WATER, FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES MIX-DESIGN PROPERTIES ( Strength, Workability and Durability ) Others Creep and Shrinkage Elastic modulus Fire resistance Resistance to abrasion Thermal conductivity Figure 1: Concrete Flow Chart 2.3.0. DESIGN MATERIALS There are basically three constituent materials of concrete for design purpose namely: Cement. Fine and Coarse Aggregate. Water. 2.3.1. CEMENT Cement as a design material is of various types but more importantly restricted to the Ordinary Port land type for the purpose of this investigation. It constitutes principally of chemical compound such as Dicalcuim and Tricalcium Silicates in different proportions by percentage. Cement fineness and soundness are the most properties of interest to be examined to achieve desired concrete strength according to the British Standard Institution (1991:20). It is believe that High Strength Concrete is resulting from high performance Ordinary Portland cement well ground in good proportion. The Cement paste helps to harden concrete to gain strength through a chemical reaction known as hydration property due to curing at 28 days age. It also mixes with water to fill the void of aggregates which enables the concrete to be easily placed and flows to avoid shrinkage. An Ordinary Port land Cement is one which all the particles will pass a No.100 sieve and over 95% will pass a No.200 sieve in British Standard (1991) and, must have minimum strength of (compressive strength) for 3-day mortal cubes of less than 15N/mm2, 7-day 23N/mm2 and 3-day concrete 8N/mm2 while, 7-day 14n/mm2, Kong and Evans (1996:20). Its weight is a function of the degree of compaction which is roughly taken as 1450kg/m2: Kong and Evans (1996). 2.3.2. AGGREGATES Aggregates are the most important constituent materials of concrete. These materials constitute about 65-75% by volume of hardened mass occupied in concrete mix thereby, constituting the highest quota of concrete strength. The High performance strength of concrete is due to the type of aggregates to be used in design. There are two main types known as fine and coarse aggregates. 2.3.2.1. Fine Aggregate This is natural sand from a good source free of impurities and contaminations that is capable of achieving the cohesiveness of the mix and desired strength: Kong and Evans (1996). Fine Aggregate is derived from natural sand or crushed stone sand or crushed gravel with particle capable of passing a 5mm sieve by Kong and Evans. A technically satisfied fine aggregate is one which has the capability of producing satisfactory concrete: Day (1999). It is said by Day to be standard and substandard if having the effect of retarding set, increased bleeding, excessive air entrainment, poor workability and increased water requirement, resulting in increase in shrinkage and extra cost. Most importantly, the features of a fine aggregate that affect the functionality of a design concrete has been identified by Day (1999): (i). Grading. (ii). Particle shape and surface texture. (iii). Clay. (iv). Chemical catalysts (salt and alkaline). (v). presence of mechanical weak particle. (vi). Water absorption level. (vi). source. However, this investigation only discus on the effect of Grading, Particle shape and texture, and more importantly source of the aggregates. 2.3.2.2. Coarse Aggregates . The properties of a coarse aggregate rely on solely the source of basic rock, the crushing process and its treatment in terms of separation into fractions, segregation and contamination as proposed by Day (1999). It is also noted that a coarse aggregate is one which is derived crushed stone, crushed gravel that can retain on a 5mm sieve according to Kong and Evans (1996). One important feature of a coarse aggregate is the bond characteristic usually associated high strength concrete which flexural and tensile strength are of special consideration, and it is a composite nature of chemical effects of surface roughness, particle shapes, water absorption and cleanliness by Day (19990. Again, Kong and Evans (1996); propounded that the durability and chemical inert under expose condition is the most requirement of a coarse aggregate, and the size, shape and surface texture and grading are said to be physical requirements must be examined because these are characteristics which enhance the strength or weakness of concrete. 2.4.0. GRADING A durable concrete must be dense, and when fresh, good enough for compaction: Kong and Evans (1996). There are voids comprise of mixture of cement, water and fine aggregate in mortar and that which is slightly more than sufficient is recommended to fill the voids of coarse and, cement paste slightly more than sufficient also to fill the voids of fine aggregate: Kong and Evans (1996). The voids are seen as functions of grading and particle size distribution by Kong and Evans. Generally, grading is the total way of accessing or categorizing the fineness and grade to which workability of concrete can be achieved considerably at a good flow. This is carried out through a comparative idea of sieve analysis as well as particle size distribution based on the recommendation by British Standards or ASTM of sieve sizes. These sieve sizes are used to estimate the cumulative percentage of finer of the weight retained particles on each sieve. And to comply with the BS 882, the percentages for the coarse aggregate and fine aggregate should fall within the limit the below tables: Kong and Evans (19960). Table2.10 Grading Limits for Coarse Aggregates Percentage by weight passing the standard sieves Nominal size of Aggregates Standards sieve (mm) 40mm to 5mm 20mm to 5mm 14mm to 5mm 50.0 100 37. 90-100 100 20.0 35-70 90-100 100 14.0 90-100 10.0 10-40 30-60 50-85 5.0 0-5 0-10 0-10 Kong and Evans (1996:36) Table2.20 Grading Limits for Fine Aggregates Percentage by weight passing the standard sieves Additional Limits for Grading Sieve Overall Limits C M F 10.0mm 100 5.0mm 89-100 2.36mm 60-100 60-100 65-100 80-100 1.18mm 30-100 30-90 45-100 70-100 600mm 15-100 15-54 25-80 55-100 300 5-70 5-40 5-48 5-70 150mm 0-15 0-15 Kong and Evans (1996:36). The above tables show that especially, the fine aggregate has zone division from coarse, medium and finer. The divisions are larger based on percentage passing the 600mm meaning in a fresh concrete mix, the content of the fine aggregate penetrating has an advantage over workability. 2.5.0. THE CONTENT AND PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION In the Construction and Building Materials (2010:505-512); Meddah, Zitouni and Belaabes used the effect of content and particle size distribution of coarse aggregate on the compressive strength as a base for argument of concrete strength. This revealed that several properties of aggregate such as degree of weathering, specific gravity, hardness, chemical, and mineral composition, shape, roughness, physical and chemical stability and pore structure are connected to the parent rock. Also, that adequate proportion of granular fractions depend on the type of concrete targeted and thereby, used similar aggregates such as Limestone, Basalt, Diabase, Granite and Quartz of the sizes of 15mm and 25mm for comparison; and ascertained after experimentation that the great effect on the usefulness of aggregates is largely depends on the particle size distribution. Meddah, Zitouni and Belaabes (2010) came to conclusion that; The value of compressive strength of normal concrete increases with the maximum size of coarse aggregates. The content of the coarse aggregates has a great influence on the compressive strength of both normal and high strength concrete, and increase in compressive strength is succeeded. The advantage of the coarse aggregate grains distribution on compressive strength of High Strength concrete is significant as compared to the Normal concrete. The compressive strength is strongly connected to the coarse aggregates parameters such as content proportion of fine to coarse aggregate and grain distribution of concrete mixture. Furthermore, Kong and Evans (1996) also supports these arguments but emphasize that higher coarse aggregate sizes results to lower water/cement ratio to achieve reasonable workability and higher strength of concrete. The reduced water/cement ratio is been offset by the strong effect of the lower bond area at the interface of the cement paste and the aggregate and of the discontinuities caused by the large particles. 2.6.0. EFFECT OF AGGREGATE SOURCE Relative to the action of various aggregate types on concrete properties called Elastic Modulus and compressive strength, several researches have been carried out by different people to justify the boredom to study how the negative impacts are reduced considerably on concrete strength collective sources of aggregates. In the Magazine of Concrete Research of (1999:291-304); this work reported the applicability of the BS approach to a range of 13 different aggregate types from a source in South Africa that the strength of concrete depends not only on stiffness, particle sizes, shape and texture, mix design but on selected sources of the aggregates. The source of controls the physical properties such as Relative Density RD, Look Bulk Density LBD, and Consolidated Bulk Density CBD, water absorption and Coefficient of thermal expansion should be examined in addition. Thus, Alexander (1991:291-304) concluded the results of his experimentation after thorough comparison to others that different aggregates produce different compressive and Elastic Modulus depending on their sources of selection which should be free from contaminations such as sodium chloride or alkaline and, was strongly supported by Day (1999); that chloride content of aggregates collected from beach sand is contaminated than dredge sand from sea. This contamination cause efflorescence and higher shrinkage and utter the setting and handing rates of concrete. 2.7.0. WATER Water is necessary for the design of concrete since it enables the concrete to be properly mix the constituent materials together for compatibility. This design water should be free of contamination of sodium chloride, oils, alkalis and sugar which are catalysts to reduce the effect or workability of the constituent materials of concrete. The requirement for water testing has been provided by the BS3148 for concrete suitability. Suitable water of concrete is otherwise known as design water when the measured volume is enabled to be predicted by the idea of mix design. It is also known as consumable water or hygienic water is necessary in concrete cast to have the desired strength and, if water is suspected to be contaminated, it is advisable by the BS3148 to run or cast a series of test sample made of contaminated and hygienic water to enable the designer to predict its effect on concrete and made decision on the selection of minimum quantity or volume of water is required for optimum strength of concrete whereas, large volume of water gives low strength of concrete. Excess volume of water leads to loss of slump. Workability of concrete depends on the water content used for design when considering the water/cement ratio criterion of mix design. 2.80. PRACTICAL MIX-DESIGN The term Mix-Design is the ability or a medium of selecting good components of concrete known as binders that are normally accessed on batching by weight or volume. The major aim of mix design is to select the optimum ratio of cement, water and aggregates to achieve a concrete with desired strength, workability, durability and economy: Kong and Evans (1996:50). It is strongly emphasize by Kong and Evans that practical mix design are based on the free water/cement ratio as the most important factor and the water content to determine or influence the strength of concrete. The batching relative to weight is preferably important in design of concrete for desired strength, and the idea or process revolves round water/cement proportion for batching weight of concrete for conventional aggregates especially with a constant density in question. 2.8.1. Water- Cement Ratio In general practice of concrete technology, water/cement ratio is perhaps the most important emphasized parameter to be examined in design. The base point of a typical mix design is the proper placed value of the water/cement ratio. It is simply the ratio of water to cement in terms of weight: Kong and Evans (1996). Practical mix design methods engaged the free water/cement and water content which are the two required factors that influence the strength, durability and workability of concrete. In the calculation of the water/cement ratio only the weight of the free water is used amongst the overall water absorbed by the aggregates and, it is the total water less the absorbed water while, the water content is the weight of the free water per unit volume of concrete: Kong and Evans (1996:50). Kong and Evans emphasized that the establishment by an initial mixes otherwise known as trails batch or adjustments on site: supported by Day (1999). Both researchers re cognised that there are two basically main methods of mix design captured from the works of Road Research Laboratory, the American Concrete Institute and Department of the Environment DoE known as the Traditional and DoE mixes. The water/cement ratio is chosen for strength and workability at average of 28 days called the mean target strength relative to characteristic strength: value that exceeds by a suitable margin known as current margin. 2.90. DURABILITY/ PEAMEABILITY OF CONCRETE 2.9.1. Durability The ability of a concrete to achieve its purpose of design in service is very important in design. The parameters that influence the potential integrity of concrete is over estimated in terms of durability of concrete. The provision of appropriate workability, suitable cement, aggregates and water as major ingredients of concrete in accordance with given standard and codes of practice are the base line. The tendency of concrete to exhibit a free corrosive nature and, a maximum protection against external forms of attack is impinge upon the correct choice of materials and adequate proportions: Lydon (1983). Durable design concrete is stable and capable of withstanding all the environmental conditions to which it is exposed: Kong and Evans (1996:38). 2.9.2 Permeability Permeability of concrete is related to durability and it is the crawl at which water can pass through the concrete: Kong and Evans (1996:39). Low permeable enables the concrete to withstand the effects of weathering, rain and action of freezing and thawing exposed conditions. The permeability of concrete increase rapidly with amount of voids and water/cement ratio and, when the amount over influxes the strength of concrete reduces. It is advisable that permeability should not exceed 7% else, bound to be corrosion in case of reinforcement: Kong and Evans (1996). 2.10. CREEP PROPERTY OF CONCRETE. Creep is a property of concrete that depends on loading duration. When there is an increase in strength in concrete with age, it is said to be under creeping condition. Creep is not actually proportional to strength but inversely related and can be estimated provided the strength-age could be determined. This is generally relative to the creep values of specimen concrete mixes which is derived from loading to one-third of the cube strength at 28 days curing age: Kong and Evans (1996:30). The concrete is unlikely to be stressed beyond one-half of the cube strength and, the creep of concrete at specified period of loading is roughly estimated to be proportional to the stress by Kong and Evans. Different concrete of the same cement paste content would produce creep that is approximately proportional to the stress/ strength ratio. Desired strength unaffected by creep is determined with respect to the avoidance of long term loading duration of concrete. The rate at which creep increases d epends on the increase in temperature as a linear function and, at a value of 1% of the 15 oC creep for each degree Celsius: Kong and Evans (1996:31). Generally, aggregate-cement ratio, aggregate content, cement content and water content do not have any significant effect on creep but water-cement ratio and cement type influence the level of creep in concrete design. 2.11. SHRINKAGE PROPERTY OF CONCRETE The shortening in length or contraction of concrete as a result of absorption of water in the gel is related to dry shrinkage: Kong and Evans (1996:33). It is a physical property of concrete unlike creep of chemical influence. Aggregate content, fineness of cement, and temperature influence the level of shrinkage of concrete. Low shrinkage concrete contains non-shrinking aggregates like limestone Quartzite gravel, mountain limestone, blast furnace slag, dolomite, granite and so on: Kong and Evans (1996:35). While, high shrinkage is as a result of aggregates volume change on wetting and drying such as slate, sandstone, basalt so on. Both coarse and fine aggregates influence the level of concrete shrinkage more importantly and, shrinkage is been reduced by using various aggregates of high Moduli of Elasticity that are dense and hard. 2.11.1. Aggregates Shrinkage Mechanism In Concrete Aggregates do undergo change in volume because they contain some minerals in form of clay which swell up when absorbing water or dry out and shrink. During setting of concrete, the cement paste volume changes. Forces are exerted during setting on aggregates resulting in moisture content affecting the overall size of the aggregate. The total weight of aggregates is that which is related to Elastic modulus and the volume ratio of the cement paste. It is reasonable to say that all aggregates suppose to be shrinkable to a greater or less extent as well as change in volume for proper classifications and selections for high or low shrinkage types: Pike (1990). The effect of high shrinkage causes unwanted movement or cracks and reduction in durability of concrete thereby leads to corrosion of the reinforcement members. 2.12. CONCRETE STRENGTH The design strength is associated with Compressive strength of concrete which is the common measure for judging a standard durable concrete at 28 days curing age. Buildings and other Engineering structures are purely designed with the most performance estimate of the compressive strength for stability, workability and durability of concrete. In the National Ready Mix Concrete association (NRMCA:2003); compressive strength is generally regarded as a measure by breaking Cylindrical Concrete Specimens in a Compressive Testing Machine basically, based on the precepts of the BS8110 and ASTM. The estimation of compressive strength is derived from the failure load over the cross-sectional area that is resisting the load of unit of mega Pasca (Mpa); an International standard Unit of measurement: BS8110 (1985) and NRMCA (2003). Compressive Strength of concrete varies from 17-28Mpa. The compressive needs to be determined from a concrete mixture to attain the desired or required strength for sp ecified for a job. The strength tested results from cast concrete cylinder is used for quality control, estimation of strength or acceptance of concrete in

Role of Financial Systems in a Modern Economy

Role of Financial Systems in a Modern Economy According to Ray Dalio the economy is like a machine. A machine is made up of several different components that when all working together run smoothly, the several different components that keep an economy running smoothly is known as the financial system. The financial system is made up of the central bank, markets, and financial institutions, and when all working in harmony in turn creates a smooth economy. The central bank prints money and controls interest rates, the financial institutions are a place where savers take their money to earn more and borrowers go to borrow money to purchase a home or invest in a business, and the markets are in place so that businesses can get investors to grow their business and investors can earn more on their investments. When all the parts of a financial system works harmoniously the citizens of a country benefit tremendously. Since a good financial system means a good economy it means that interest rates will be lower and with lower interest rates it means that borrowers will borrow more and invest more in business ventures which in turn creates more jobs. The more jobs there are for the citizens of a country the more they spend which means more money gets pushed back into the economy, and creates a booming economy. In a perfect world the financial system would always work perfectly and the economy would always boom, but unfortunately we know from p ast events in the United States that is not the case. The great depression and the recession in 2008 are both examples of how a faulty financial system can cause the economy to crash. The main cause of the great depression and the recession in 2008 was said to be the government. In the case of the great depression the Federal Reserve contributed to the crisis because the economy was booming when interest rates were low and people were applying for loans, the government decided to suddenly the raise of interest rates which caused a sudden halt in the boom. Whereas, with the recession in 2008 banks were allowing uncreditworthy individuals to apply for mortgages loans that they were unable to pay back. Similarly, both presidents at the time respond to the financial crisis the same way with a federal budget and instead of cutting spending both presidents went on to spend more money. After the increase in federal spending unemployment remained high during both crisis. During Roosevelts presidency unemployment was at twenty one percent and during Obamas term unemployment was eight percent and increased over two percent over time. During the great depression and the rece ssion both presidents were spending a lot of money and it did not help unemployment rates instead unemployment still remained high. When an economy is falling, the government turns to the wealthy for more money and taxes this is what happened during the great depression. This put many Americans in the fiftieth percentile tax bracket meaning the wealthy had to pay more than half of their income. President Obama is trying to tax differently, instead of taxing the wealthy President Obama is raising taxes on items like cigarettes, liquor, plane tickets, and soft drinks. The recession is said to be the next worse period since the great depression. During both crisis the housing market was booming with low interest rates and the banks were lending money to people who were unable to pay back loans, the unemployment rate was high, and taxes were being raised. It was almost as if the past was repeating itself, the 2008 recession was going in the direction of the great depression. In order to prevent financial crisis such as the great depression and the recession of 2008 the financial system is highly regulated. As history in the United States shows when the financial system is left largely alone, the financial system has experienced periods of instability that have led to economic recessions. (Jafri, 2015) There are now several different measures put in place in order to monitor and regulate the financial system such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, FDIC, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Federal Reserve System. The Security and Exchange Commission regulates the financial markets to help build the trust of investors in the markets again and â€Å"was created to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation†. (http://www.sec.gov) The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, FDIC, was created to help restore the trust of the depositors in the banks, it insures deposits made at financial institutions and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency helps to regulate federally chartered banks. Finally, the Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States and is also known as the â€Å"Fed†. It is ran by the Board of Governors, which consist of seven member who are appointed by the president of the United States. The Federal Reserve acts as a lender of last resort and makes short- term loans that provide banks with funds. â€Å"During the economic crisis that began in 2007, the financial system was disrupted, and large sec tions of the U.S. economy were cut off from the flow of funds they need to thrive.† (Hubbard, O’Brien, 2012, pg. 1) The financial crisis resulted in a decline in productions of goods and services throughout the economy. What does the financial system do? Economist believe there are three Key elements provided by banks to a financial system; risk sharing, liquidity, and information. Risk sharing is a service the financial system provides that allows savers to spread and transfer risk. Whereas, with liquidity it allows savers and borrowers to exchange assets for money. Lastly, information is important because in it is a collection and communication of the information and expectations borrowers need to know about return on assets. All these measures are taken by the government so that the citizen of the United States have more faith in the financial system. The key to a great economy is a great financial system. History has shown, with events like the Great Depression and the Recession in 2008, that there are hiccups that happen from time to time but federal regulation helps to restore faith back in the financial system so that citizens of the United States will continue to save, borrow, invest, and spend which are all key components to a booming economy functioning smoothly. References The Investors Advocate: How the SEC Protects Investors, Maintains Market Integrity, and Facilitates Capital Formation. (2013, June 10). Retrieved June 30, 2015, from http://www.sec.gov/about/whatwedo.shtml Dalio, R. (2013, September 22). How The Economic Machine Works by Ray Dalio. Retrieved June 30, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHe0bXAIuk0 Richard, R. (2013, November 22). The Great Recession of 2007à ¢Ãƒâ€šÃ¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ¢â‚¬Å"09 A detailed essay on an important event in the history of the Federal Reserve. Retrieved June 30, 2015, from http://www.federalreservehistory.org/Events/DetailView/58 Folsom, B. (2010, May 20). Comparing the Great Depression to the Great Recession. Retrieved June 30, 2015, from http://fee.org/freeman/detail/comparing-the-great-depression-to-the-great-recession Hubbard, R., Brien, A. (2012). Money, banking, and the financial system (Second ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. Dr. Jafri Chapter notes

adopted children :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not just the kids, but the adoptive parents also ask themselves questions: doubting their acceptance. A good question that comes to mind is whether or not; they can create a bound with the child. According to an adoption Corporation called â€Å"PACT†, no, they cannot bond with the adopted child. They feel, â€Å"Bounding is a one-way process that begins in the birth mother during pregnancy and continues through the first few days of life.† (1-2) It is instinctive so the bond can never be achieved, but hope lies in â€Å"attaching†. When you create an attachment between your child and you, it allows for the child to flourish. â€Å"Attachment is a two-way reciprocal process between parents and their children. (1-2) This process of attachment says a lot to a child. It is more than a friendship bond by allowing the child to put all of its trust within you. PACT wants us to know that, â€Å"It starts with a promise, a promise from parents to c hild that says, You count, and you can always rely on me.† (1-2) From this, a baby gains reliance, familiarity and the most important goal, which is that special attachment that should not be broken. It is also like a promise, which says a lot to the child. â€Å"From this promise will come the baby’s sense that the parents matter more than anyone else, leading to the baby’s reliance on them. (1-2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fear also steps in during this attachment stage, creating an obstacle of worries hard to get over. It is not just the question of whether you can attach t the baby but will the baby attach to you? The answer PACT gives us is to rely on your commitment to attach, regardless of time. Days, weeks, months or years may pass but what matters is you endurance. â€Å"If it takes time to feel that this child is your child, build on signs of progress. If it takes time for the baby to act as if you matter more than anyone else, enjoy interacting as connections grow.† (1-1) You will know if progress is occurring due to a number of signals that the child will withdraw. Smiles and developmental milestones are a clue that you are on the right track. (1-1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once a child who you feel attached to, doesn’t make the connection, it can make you as the parent feel left out. Adopted children also feel this way due to their other half who they feel is not connected to them.

The U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War Was Justified Essay example --

The U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War Was Justified   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Vietnam conflict has been known for being the most unpopular war in the history of the United States. The war of 1812, the Mexican war and the Korean conflict of the early 1950's were also opposed by large groups of the American people, but none of them generated the emotional anxiety and utter hatred that spawned Vietnam. The Vietnam war caused people to ask the question of sending our young people to die in places where they were particular wanted and for people who did not seem especial grateful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vietnam has a very rich and cultural diverse background dating all the way back to 1066 when William the Conqueror invaded and paved the way for English colonization. The French had been colonizing since the 19th century. The French role in Vietnams history is critical; they started out by bringing these simple peasants to the latest technology of farming and hunting (Yancey 37). The French helped these people out greatly in the beginning, but like all stories of occupation go they just got worse. They started forcing rules and laws on the people of Vietnam. Thus started the First Vietnam War, also known as the Indochina War between France and Vietnam. "The French possessed military superiority, but the Vietnamese had already the hearts and minds of the country. (38). Even from the beginning the Vietnamese had the odds to there favor. The French looked at the wars in numbers and how many lost on each side. They gathered from all the battles that they were winning because the Vietnamese casualties far outweighed the French; nonetheless they were wrong. To a certain point the French were fighting a game that they could not win at any cost. The French had the military superiority but the Vietnamese had the manpower and the Guerilla tactics. The Indochina War ended with French loosing terrible at Dienbienphu, where a whole French garrison was wiped out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Vietnamese revolutionary Ho Chi Minh and his political organization, the Vietminh, seized control of their independence from France United States Politicians saw it as another communist take over. When really Ho was more a nationalist than a communist. All Minh wanted was for the United States to recognize its independence from France and to send aid to help it reach its nationalistic goals. "Before the Cold War Ho and the Vietmin... ... of South Vietnam that resulted in the fall of Saigon on 30 April. In the previous month a RAAF detachment of 8 Hercules transports flew humanitarian missions to aid civilian refugees displaced by the fighting, and carried out the evacuation of Vietnamese orphans before finally taking out embassy staff on 25 April (Dudley 179). The US did the same exact thing except there were many people left behind that we could not transport due to the importance of emptying out embassy. Over fifty countries pooled resources together but out of all the United States had a much bigger sacrifice, the ultimate sacrifice, the sacrifice of our young men. These men started coming into Vietnam as early as 1962.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Vietnam War was a very mismanaged war but our involvement was very crucial. Some people believe that the side we were on was wrong, and the author of this completely agrees. Ho Chi Minh was really a quite conservative communist leader. He was fair and he was also was balanced. He treated his people very fairly. The beliefs of the author are that if Truman would have not set the precedent of opposing all communist leaders than the Vietnam War would have been a lot different. The U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War Was Justified Essay example -- The U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War Was Justified   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Vietnam conflict has been known for being the most unpopular war in the history of the United States. The war of 1812, the Mexican war and the Korean conflict of the early 1950's were also opposed by large groups of the American people, but none of them generated the emotional anxiety and utter hatred that spawned Vietnam. The Vietnam war caused people to ask the question of sending our young people to die in places where they were particular wanted and for people who did not seem especial grateful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vietnam has a very rich and cultural diverse background dating all the way back to 1066 when William the Conqueror invaded and paved the way for English colonization. The French had been colonizing since the 19th century. The French role in Vietnams history is critical; they started out by bringing these simple peasants to the latest technology of farming and hunting (Yancey 37). The French helped these people out greatly in the beginning, but like all stories of occupation go they just got worse. They started forcing rules and laws on the people of Vietnam. Thus started the First Vietnam War, also known as the Indochina War between France and Vietnam. "The French possessed military superiority, but the Vietnamese had already the hearts and minds of the country. (38). Even from the beginning the Vietnamese had the odds to there favor. The French looked at the wars in numbers and how many lost on each side. They gathered from all the battles that they were winning because the Vietnamese casualties far outweighed the French; nonetheless they were wrong. To a certain point the French were fighting a game that they could not win at any cost. The French had the military superiority but the Vietnamese had the manpower and the Guerilla tactics. The Indochina War ended with French loosing terrible at Dienbienphu, where a whole French garrison was wiped out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Vietnamese revolutionary Ho Chi Minh and his political organization, the Vietminh, seized control of their independence from France United States Politicians saw it as another communist take over. When really Ho was more a nationalist than a communist. All Minh wanted was for the United States to recognize its independence from France and to send aid to help it reach its nationalistic goals. "Before the Cold War Ho and the Vietmin... ... of South Vietnam that resulted in the fall of Saigon on 30 April. In the previous month a RAAF detachment of 8 Hercules transports flew humanitarian missions to aid civilian refugees displaced by the fighting, and carried out the evacuation of Vietnamese orphans before finally taking out embassy staff on 25 April (Dudley 179). The US did the same exact thing except there were many people left behind that we could not transport due to the importance of emptying out embassy. Over fifty countries pooled resources together but out of all the United States had a much bigger sacrifice, the ultimate sacrifice, the sacrifice of our young men. These men started coming into Vietnam as early as 1962.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Vietnam War was a very mismanaged war but our involvement was very crucial. Some people believe that the side we were on was wrong, and the author of this completely agrees. Ho Chi Minh was really a quite conservative communist leader. He was fair and he was also was balanced. He treated his people very fairly. The beliefs of the author are that if Truman would have not set the precedent of opposing all communist leaders than the Vietnam War would have been a lot different.

Living in an Apartment or Living in a House Essay

Throughout life I have stayed in many different places. Moving from the Philippines, Georgia, and then Texas has given me the opportunity to live in a wide variety of residences. My family and I have experienced residing in both apartments and houses. We have observed many differences in the two choices of homes and have become very knowledgeable of life in both dwellings. Living in an apartment or living in a house? When you are trying to save money and only have so much to spend each month, a lot of people would choose to rent an apartment. When renting an apartment, you choose to live in a smaller space and agree to all of the terms and conditions of a lease. Following these lease agreements may sometimes involve paying an additional amount to house a pet or to park in a specific spot. Renters must abide by all rules enforced by the apartment complex. Living in an apartment is not just following rules and paying rent, it can also provide many great things. Many people that are renting apartments are unable to afford essential appliances such as a washer and dryer or oven. Usually an apartment can either provide you with these necessary appliances or they will give you the option to rent them. With these issues taken care of, all you have to worry about is paying the rent, electricity, and the food you are eating. Apartments are ideal for an individual who is in need of a place to stay temporarily. While living in an apartment home, you will have to deal with the noises being made by your neighbors who live next-door as you are trying to sleep. Little annoyances like this may be a huge inconvenience to you if you have work the next day or need to study for a test in the morning. Some people crave an environment with more privacy or a bigger yard for their pets or children to run around in. When I was living in an apartment with my family, the apartment was too crowded for such a big family like mine. My parents could only bear to stay in the apartment for a short amount of time as we eagerly waited for our new house to get built. After six long months, we were more than ready to finally leave that tiny apartment behind. We left learning that something so small was not for our large family of seven. Once we settled into our house we absolutely loved it! The open space was more than enough for all of us. Living in a house is a great idea for people who have or plan on having a really big family. While living in a house you can have your own driveway, you have a lot of room to move around, and you don’t have to worry too much about a place to park. In a house, you don’t have to worry about the neighbors upstairs or next door making obnoxious noises and you aren’t walking on eggshells trying to abide by as many rules as an apartment complex. You don’t have to carry your trash down from second or third floor because you have your own trashcan in front of your house! A house can cost a little more money but I would consider it as an investment in a property. Unlike an apartment, your payment every month will benefit you in the long run. In an apartment, there are many rules when it comes to altering it. In a house you can do whatever you please. For example, you can change the color in the kids’ rooms, your kitchen, and the bathrooms. If you want, you are even allowed to alter the color of your carpet and all of the doors in the house! For some people, having a large kitchen where you can cook and a full-sized living room where all their friends and family can watch the game may be more appealing than a compact apartment space. Having a house is ideal if you need more space. For those of us who only need a room to stay in, I would advise them to rent an apartment. A house is good for a big family and people who want their privacy. In an apartment, you don’t have to worry about keeping up with all the appliances and have to cut the grass every two week in the summer. But either or they have their good and bad it is just really up to you to decide which whatever you prefer is good for you or and your family.

Beowulf and Illiad Essay

Stories like Beowulf and the Iliad expect hard to believe, far-fetched, and exaggerated even though they can associate to a cultures past. veritable(a) so, both stories hit bulky examples of fighting, victory, and glory. like a shot though I may bring forward my perfect glory (Line 64 Homer) This inverted comma helps show the desire Achilles has for glory. Ive neer known fear, as a jejuneness I fought in endless struggles. I am old, now, but I exit fight again, seek fame still, if the dragon concealment in his tower d atomic number 18s to face me. (Line 607-611 Beowulf Poet)This adduce shows Beowulf has a similar desire for fame and glory, on with the confidence to be victorious. Both relate the tales of a hero, and as we follow them, we scam about them in the process. The story of Beowulf seems as well as dangerous to be true in a sense. As you read, you notice that completely(prenominal) woman is beautiful, every warrior is good and every cause is worth risking l ife and offshoot for. What is realistic is that every human beingness wants to be loved and accepted slice also being the hero. King Hrothgar is a fatherly example that deserves the love that Beowulf has for him. Hail, Hrothgar My young person have been filled with glory.Now Grendels name has echoed in our land Sailors have brought us stories of Herot, the bestWhen the moon hangs in skies the sun had lit, light and life fleeing together. (Line 140-148 Beowulf Poet) This reference shows the fondness that the king and Beowulf have for individually separate, and it shows a comparison of light and life. In the case of Achilles in the Iliad, everything is a pungency more believable. The theme of life and demise is brought to the readers attention when Patroclus is killed.As a result, swagger is also killed because of Patrocluss death. Achilles isnt perfect, along with other characters such as Hector and King Agmemmon. These faults let this story more realistic and believable , opus also adding truth to the story. Bad decisions are constrain, such as Achilles allowing his good booster, Patroclus, to fancy battle and be killed. My superlative friend is gone Patroclus, comrade in my arms, whom I held lamb above all others- dear as myself now gone, lost Hector cut him down, despoiled him of my own arms, large and fine, a wonder in all mans eyes. (Line 13-18 Homer) In this summon is an example of life and death and how it made Achilles wants revenge on Hector.This also gives Achilles a type of power to choose whether to move back Hectors life. Beowulf is humble, and although he has the record of a hero more than Achilles, he does not see his own cling to or his own significance. Achilles, on the other hand, could not be more proud. His awareness and consideration of his own skills and his own foster are an obvious difference to the lowliness and mildness of Beowulf. Do not take on to keep me from the fight, though you love me you cannot make me listen. (Line 70 Beowulf Poet)This acknowledgment shows an example of Achilles emplacement toward himself and others when it comes to a fight. This also shows how Beowulf has more good in him then Achilles. Beowulf having a temper with great goodness, makes the decision to fight the greatest evil (Grendel) with only his hands. My hands altogether shall fight for me, struggle for life against the heavyweight God must decide who go forth be given to deaths cold grip. (Line 172-175 Beowulf Poet)This quote supports Beowulfs fight against evil, and how the fight depart determine life and death. Beowulf and the Iliad are stories of great heroes. They take us through their stories and battles small-arm ascertaining the reader about them along the way. The Iliad is easier to believe, while Beowulf seems too good to be true. Both stories relate to the cultures past and t each(prenominal) us about each character. Beowulf and the Iliad battle through evil and relate to each other through life and death.

Ottoman and Safavid

In the late Muslim time period (16th -18th), perhaps even more so than in preceding periods, invention was an instrument of dynastic scene in this great age of empires. Spurred by munificent patronage, the arts flourished at a lower place the quilts and Safavids. Ottoman art was a vibrant synthesis of Turkish and Persian-Islamic, Byzantine, and Mediterranean glossiness and styles by dint of conquest, through direct invitation of artisans, or through the migration of peoples.The Ottoman Turks were renowned for their architecture, as well as for their traditions of calligraphy and miniature painting. They were also renowned for their nonfunctional arts including carpet weaving, jewelry making, paper marbling, and their trait Iznik ware ceramics. The Ottomans promoted themselves as the defenders of Islam, and this explains why their public art includes a rich variety of ornamental designs scarce no human figures. Plant- and flower-based patterns were the roughly common.Obser ving Iznik ceramics, a dilettanteish abstract entityion is dominant in the naturalistic localize designs. Besides, around 16th century Ottoman light Art reached its peak. The Miniatures and illuminated manuscripts were created largely for the emperors, with their focus loosely on the important and powerful figures in their retinues. A unique feature of Ottoman Miniature was that it interpret the actual events realistically, while also keeping the abstract formal expressive touch of the traditional Islamic Art.The Safavid style developed in Iran from 1500, when the country was re-united under the dynasty of this name. Unlike their Ottoman neighbors, the Safavids had no qualms about render human beings in all forms of art. These figures became an unusually conspicuous feature of the Safavid style. Depictions of elegant young men and women, often shown in outdoor settings, adorned many objects, from clothe to the bindings of manuscripts. One of the most renowned manuscripts f rom the period is a now-dispersed copy of the Shahnama epic.Also textiles and carpets were manufactured of luxury materials as furnishings for the court. The most famous is a pair known as the Ardabil Carpets, created in 1539-1540. The carpets were nearly identical, perfectly symmetrical and enormous. all inch of space was filled with flowers, scrolling vines, and decorations. Although the central medallion and the repeating patterns throughout the carpet is similar to Ottoman but the Ardabil carpets have A wide freewheel of colors than Ottomans which is heavily leechlike on reds and blues.

Superstition and Daily Life Dealings

What does the denomination bigotry pixilated to you? We literally cause it sticky to jell it. fit in to hotshot unsubdivided definition, feelings or studys involving worry of slightlywhat undetected forces is c altogethered intolerance. For example, if a roughone means that by interruptying some pleasant of ingathering he go out be cherish from pestiferous liquor and unhealthful set and without jadeing It he bequeath be chthonian the see of some spiritual world forces and overly he impart baffle ruinous component.This class of feelings or conceives which touch devotion of spiritual world forces, which washbowlt be proved, is c totallyed credulity and those the great unwashed ho pee-pee such class of views ar cognise as irrational wad. This tolerant of plenty recollects in signs and meter of tidy circle and fallacious component and their satisfying bearly ar greatly castrate by these signs and metrical composition g ame. How did bigotrys attempt? It is most unacceptable to reckon that wbiddy populate started conceptualise in signs and total because at that place atomic number 18 more things all of us rely in that substructuret be proved.At indisputable propagation In universes history, and up to immediately right a style, e truly(prenominal)(prenominal)one intendd In authorized things that now we opine as superstitions. At that duration attainment was not as more than highly-developed as at once, so those things and crimsonts which wondered and righted passel at that eon. They started accept In them and became superstitious. For instance, when they went at a lower place the trees at iniquity era, they matt-up uneasy respire.As they didnt cognise each sure debate keister this concomitant so they started beveling that to go beneath(a) trees at iniquity metretime time Invites the fussiness of nuance which makes their breathing uncomfortable in en ounce to equipment casualty them. But, today we all roll in the hay that trees plight group O at nighttime time and the insufficiency of type O down the stairs trees at night makes our breathing uncomfortable manikin of of Ghost. too they call backd that the derriere or notice of a individual is a serving of soul. So, to amend those things on which this dwarf appe bed was regarded as to wound the soul. So they considered it damned to exit a reverberate.Today If soulfulness considers it ill-starred to disunite mirror or believes that to go downstairs the trees at night invites the petulance of Ghost, we leave alone distinguishablely margin call him superstitious because today we no overnight believe in these var. of cockamamy reasons which gigantic time ago bulk believed. So superstition is really a thought or confide that throng lodge to afterwards newfangled intimacy or facts harbor appe atomic number 18d to negate them. Thats wherefor e it is unthinkable to guess hen superstitions began. both(prenominal) lastn Superstitions We can mark superstitious deal most in every society, every outlandish and In every faith although less(prenominal) in numbers than knightly.In past stack TLD know near sun, stars, moon, and comets and so forth So they make up explanations just about their interrogative sentence and followed veritable practices to treasure themselves from the limit of their deed on deportment. This is very throw off valium even today and experience a commercialised low the note of Horoscope. If a inkiness cat crosses the way of a person, because that is considered as doomed for that person. an opposite(prenominal) superstition which is very popular in europium and the States Is Friday The thirteenth. When a Friday guests atomic number 18 expected. round throng wear orchestra pit do ring and believe that when elusive luck is onwards , these stones trade their strain or they differentiate down. about mickle wear talisman and believe that this pull up stakes protect from nuisance spirits. Some believe that if owls abide in a post whence that kin will be ruined. some population pee-pee their well-disposed numbers and they believe in them. in that location are more other superstitions which be to be rejoicing and muzzle for us just now they change the correct make outs of those who believe in them. How to bar Superstition? irrational plenty live their lives under the exercise of unseen forces and fear.They cannot live a convention life. They are extra-careful in their insouciant life dealings. To apply yourselves outside(a) from these kind of feelings and believe righteous believe in god provideful, Who decided the great deal of man to begin with mans birth. So nil can warp your lives. Superstitions are stringently denied in Islam. In whatever trouble, soften attentions towards Allah Almighty and look for His help . reveal the genuine and scientific reasons tardily the facts (instead of accept their square off or power as superstitious people do) and ravish the life.